| Applications | Tested Dilution |
| Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin) (IHC (P)) | 1:100-1:200 |
| Product Specifications | |
| Immunogen | Peptide derived from the C-terminus of human CD38 protein |
| Conjugate | Unconjugated |
| Form | Liquid |
| Concentration | 200 µg/mL |
| Purification | Protein A |
| Storage buffer | tris with NP-40, BSA |
| Contains | <0.1% sodium azide |
| Storage conditions | 4°C |
| Shipping conditions | Ambient (domestic); Wet ice (international) |
| Manufacturer | Zeta Corporation |
Product Specific Information
A recommended positive control tissue for this product is Tonsil, however positive controls are not limited to this tissue type.
The primary antibody is intended for laboratory professional use in the detection of the corresponding protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue stained in manual qualitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing. This antibody is intended to be used after the primary diagnosis of tumor has been made by conventional histopathology using non-immunological histochemical stains.
CD38 is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed on thymocytes. It is also present on activated T-cells and terminally differentiated B-cells (plasma cells). Other reactive cells include NK cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. CD38 may be detected on cells from multiple myeloma, ALL (B and T) and some AML.
Antibody is used with formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections. Pretreatment of deparaffinized tissue with heat-induced epitope retrieval or enzymatic retrieval is recommended. In general, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining techniques allow for the visualization of antigens via the sequential application of a specific antibody to the antigen (primary antibody), a secondary antibody to the primary antibody (link antibody), an enzyme complex and a chromogenic substrate with interposed washing steps. The enzymatic activation of the chromogen results in a visible reaction product at the antigen site. Results are interpreted using a light microscope and aid in the differential diagnosis of pathophysiological processes, which may or may not be associated with a particular antigen.
A positive tissue control must be run with every staining procedure performed. This tissue may contain both positive and negative staining cells or tissue components and serve as both the positive and negative control tissue. External Positive control materials should be fresh autopsy/biopsy/surgical specimens fixed, processed and embedded as soon as possible in the same manner as the patient sample (s). Positive tissue controls are indicative of correctly prepared tissues and proper staining methods. The tissues used for the external positive control materials should be selected from the patient specimens with well-characterized low levels of the positive target activity that gives weak positive staining. The low level of positivity for external positive controls is designed to ensure detection of subtle changes in the primary antibody sensitivity from instability or problems with the staining methodology. A tissue with weak positive staining is more suitable for optimal quality control and for detecting minor levels of reagent degradation.
Internal or external negative control tissue may be used depending on the guidelines and policies that govern the organization to which the end user belongs to. The variety of cell types present in many tissue sections offers internal negative control sites, but this should be verified by the user. The components that do not stain should demonstrate the absence of specific staining, and provide an indication of non-specific background staining. If specific staining occurs in the negative tissue control sites, results with the patient specimens must be considered invalid.
Target Information
CD38 is a multifunctional ectoenzyme and type II transmembrane glycoprotein involved in various cellular processes. It catalyzes the conversion of NAD into secondary messengers such as nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). CD38 plays a crucial role in B cell development, with expression levels fluctuating from high in immature cells to low in intermediate ones, and back to high in mature B cells. It is also present in a variety of tissues and hematopoietic cells, including T cells, NK cells, and monocytes, and is used to phenotype leukemias and monitor HIV-1 progression. The CD34+CD38- population is considered to define the most pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. In addition to its surface expression, CD38 has been identified in the nucleus, where it may regulate calcium levels. It functions as a multi-catalytic ectoenzyme, serving roles as an ADP-ribosyl cyclase, cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase, and possibly NAD+ glycohydrolase, or as a cell surface receptor. CD38 is involved in the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of mature lymphocytes and mediates apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. It also participates in cell adhesion, signal transduction, and calcium signaling. Antibodies to CD38 are valuable for subtyping lymphomas and leukemias, detecting plasma cells (such as in myelomas), and marking activated B and T cells. CD38 is expressed at high levels in the pancreas, liver, kidney, malignant lymphoma, and neuroblastoma. Dysfunctions in CD38 are associated with diseases like chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Richter’s Syndrome.
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